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Summer 2017
DEFENDERS
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1- The failed state syndrome is the term used in this regard, which was mostly used under
former US President George W. Bush and to justify attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq.
2- Jeffrey Boutwell, Small Arms and Light Weapons: Controlling the Real Instruments of
War, 1998, at: https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_08-09/mkas98
3- Michael I. Ogu, Proliferation Of Small Arms And Light Weapons In Africa: Cause Or
Effect?, 2011, At: Paperroom.Ipsa.Org/Papers/Paper_33138.pdf , pp. 9-14
4- Renata Schmitt Noronha & Julia Oliveira Rosa, ArmTransfer and human right: the Impact
on the regions in conflicts, UFRGS Model United Nations Journal, 2013, at: paperroom.
ipsa.org/papers/paper_33138.pdf, p. 22
5- Barbara A. Frey is the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Prevention of Human
Rights Violations Committed with Small Arms and Lights Weapons
6- Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol I, grave breaches
7- Barbara A. FREY, Small arms and light weapons: the tools used to violate human rights,
Human Rights, Human Security And Disarmament forum, 2004
8- Robert Chetty, Firearm Use and Distribution in South Africa Pretoria: National Crime
Prevention Centre Firearms Programme, 2000
9- Ettienne Hennop, Clare Jefferson, and Andrew Maclean; “The challenge to Control:
South Africa’s Borders and Borderline”, ISS Monograph Series, 2003, No. 57
10- Minnaar, Small Arms Proliferation and Control in Southern Africa Braamfontein: South
African Institute of International Affairs, 1996 & Minnaar, focuses on the illegal trafficking
in small arms through South Africa’s borders and ports of entry 2003
11- Transfer of arms has been taken to include all three kinds of legal, grey market, and
black market selling of such arms.
12- Jozef Goldblat, Arms Control, A Guide to Negotiations and Agreements, SAGE
Publications, 2002, pp. 182-183
13- Den Dekker, G., The Law of Arms Control…, p. 36; Blix agrees: “Legal rules on
arms control and disarmament,…now constitute a separate body of law…” BLIX, H.,
“International Law relating to Disarmament and Arms Control with special focus on
verification and compliance”, in KALSHOVEN, F., (ed.), The Centennial of the First
International Peace Conference, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2000, 41
14- Carter, K., “New Crimes Against Peace: The Application of International Humanitarian
Law Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms to Arms Control and Disarmament
Treaties”, in Canadian Council on International Law et al. (eds.), Treaty Compliance: Some
Concerns and Remedies, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1998, 19
15- Gillard, E., What is legal? What is illegal?, ABackground Paper on the ATT Convention,
Groupe de recherche et d’information sur la paix et la sécurité, Brussels, 10 September
2003, 8
16- “… to prevent any contracting party from taking action, which it considers necessary for
the protection of its essential security interests, (ii) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition
or implements of war and to such traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly
or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military establishment; (iii) taken in time of war
or other emergency in international relations….”
17- The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (1995 Protocol IV to the CCW)
18- Article 3(3) - mines that are designed or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or
unnecessary suffering